Cerium oxide screwfix. It is a cerium molecular entity and a metal oxide. Cerium oxide screwfix

 
 It is a cerium molecular entity and a metal oxideCerium oxide screwfix  Clean the glass

25 percent), and cerium-136 (0. The iron oxide (or ferric oxide) is commonly mixed. 5 V. Cerium oxide (CeO 2) is a rare earth oxide material used in many technological applications 1. Several Ce-carbonate, -phosphate, -silicate, and -(hydr)oxide minerals have been historically mined and processed for pharmaceutical uses and industrial applications. Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. Senyawa satu ini ternyata punya banyak kegunaan di bidang otomotif, salah satunya adalah untuk perawatan kaca mobil. Verified Purchase. 3. 6 g of precursor was used in a mixture of citric acid (CA − Merck 99. It was shown that cerium dioxide was effective in the decomposition of TPP by cleavage of the P–O–aryl bond in the flame retardant molecule. Cerium metal is iron-gray in color and is highly reactive. 0 are served well by this polish. I prefer distilled water to avoid calcium stains when finished, but the tap will work fine. £42. , 2011, Erdakos et al. The arrangement of the surfaces of the fluorite structure determines the. 95% was cerium oxide with a maximum of 25 ppm of. Suitable for use with any rotary polisher or ele. From the literature survey, the researchers suggested that CeO 2 nanoparticle plays a key role to enhance the performance of an internal combustion (IC) engine by reducing the. These mixtures, ranging from Ce 3+ acetate solutions,. The first is an abrasive material like sandpaper – this will be your most important tool as it’s what removes the rough parts of the rock and makes them smooth. In the present study, eco-friendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are. At the nanoscale, however, cerium oxide has a mix of cerium in the 3+ and 4+ states on the nanoparticle surface. After an initial analysis based on oxygen consumption from CO2 pulse. Aldrich - 22390; Cerium(IV) oxide ≥99. , 2014, Rajan et al. Suitable for use with any rotary polisher or ele. It is a pale yellow-white powder with. The morphology of cerium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles in Fig. The present work aimed. Cerium Oxide. The greener. Section snippets Formation of resin. It also. Remove more material than traditional buffing compounds. The cerium atom has a radius of 182. Microfibre towel - to wipe off residue after polishing. Skin Contact Wash off immediately with soap and plenty of water while removing all contaminated clothes and shoes. 6. In this study, we have proposed the first synthesis process of CeO2@Ag core/shell nanoparticles NPs by laser ablation in water. Hemocompatible nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties for titanium implant surface coatings may eliminate implant failure related to inflammation and bacterial invasion. This item is currently unavailable. Ltd. Among them, cerium- and cerium oxide-based nanomaterials have received much attention worldwide. Showing 1-10 of 10 results for "cerium oxide" within Products. 45 m 2 g −1 to 26. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure (PDF) (19 pp, 205 K) Not. The optical and structural properties of CeO2@Ag core/shell NPs were characterized using UV-Vis absorption, Fourier transformed infrared FT-IR spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction XRD, scanning electron. This review, explores the vast array of biological resources such as plants, microbes, and other biological products being used in synthesis of CeO 2 NPs. %), is independent on kind of iron oxide. A fine powder rare earth used for fine polishing of ceramics, marble and stone on which it will prod. The crystallite size of. Ceria is considered the most notable and extraordinary oxide for mechanical applications. The preparation of cerium oxide nanoparticles from seed extract of Litchi chinensis was synthesized by a green synthesis method. Perth. In order to untangle the mechanisms which. Skin Contact Wash off immediately with soap and plenty of water while removing all contaminated clothes and shoes. September 15, 2023. This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. In combination with oxygen, cerium forms Ce 2 O 3 (sesquioxide), which is unstable and easily oxidized to CeO 2 (ceria), their standard thermodynamic properties are shown in Table 1. Advanced applications of cerium oxide based nanozymes in cancer Na Feng,ab Ying Liu,†b Xianglin Dai,ab Yingying Wang,b Qiong Guo *ab and Qing Li *ab Cerium oxide nanozymes have emerged as a new type of bio-antioxidants in recent years. The interdependence of mechanical properties, UV absorption property and the dispersed concentration of CeO 2 nanoparticles was investigated. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis. 7. The design strategy of the novel adsorbent CeO 2-PRGO is driven by the introduction of the cerium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of chemically modified GO to generate a homogeneous PRGO surface decorated with CeO 2 as active sites to capture phosphate ions from polluted water. Pure and Co (1%, 3% and 5%) doped CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by co-precipitation technique were characterized. The present work aimed. Before and after photographs showing a 6. 5-5. Hence, the Ce 3+ band intensity decrease under oxidant action (Figs. Chemical and physical properties of the synthesized adsorbent were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction technique (PXRD), high-resolution transmission. Cerium oxide is a pivotal compound in catalysis, both as a support and as an active phase. The effects of cerium oxide particles on amyloid aggregation were also observed on ntrinsically disordered/natively unfolded proteins, including Aβ 1–42 peptide, β 2-microglobulin and α-synuclein [44,45,46]. It was established in the earliest work on CeO X (111). 2 grams/cc. Cerium vanadate nanostructure was synthesized using a new methodology based on a low-temperature and controlled rate of the mixing process. Micro–nano cerium oxide particles with regular morphology and good dispersity have been widely used in polishing and other industrial fields. 5. Keep rubbing for about 30 seconds. The present work aimed. Use a clean rag to wipe away the excess toothpaste and see if the scratch has been polished away. 2. You buff the glass until you see no more scratches. Based on these extraordinary properties, use of CeOCerium oxide is an extensively used industrial catalyst with applications as diverse as catalysts for automobile exhaust, petroleum cracking and organic chemicals synthesis. 2016). It exists in two oxidation states, Ce+3 and Ce+4, which. Effects of cerium exposure on plants were identified through meta-analysis. , 2021) and cerium oxide nanoparticles are stable in plants under salt stress (Lan et al. In this paper, the synthesis methods, catalytic mechanism and activity regulation of nanoscale cerium oxide in recent years are reviewed. Too much Cerium Oxide is a waste of resources while too little impairs the quality of the end product. $2159. Molecular Formula CeO. dollars per metric ton in 2030. Turnings or gritty powder. Inset Fig. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process excellence and our people make it happen. 5 microns Purity: TREO 95%. Increasing applications of metal oxide nanoparticles and their release in the natural environment is a serious concern due to their toxic nature. Cerium oxides are used as adsorbents, impetuses, vaporous sensors, and radiants. Fixings and fastenings are used in almost all projects where items need to be connected and made secure. We decided to start this book on cerium oxide talking about the 11th chapter of the book entitled Il sistema periodico (The periodic table), written by the well-known Italian author, Primo Levi, an industrial chemist, who published it in 1975 [1]. The process variables were sputtering time, input power and R (Ar/O2) ratio. He extracted it from cerium which had been discovered in 1803. One of its most widely used applications is in the production of optical lenses. a Cerium oxide (CeO2) : b synthesis, properties and applications / c edited by Salvatore Scirè, Leonardo Palmisano. 11 percent), cerium-138 (0. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have gained a lot of attention as a potential future candidate for ending various kinds of problems by exhibiting redox activity, free radical scavenging property, biofilm inhibition, etc. It comes with various felt pads that can be used in a drill and a variety of cutting and polishing compounds. Shao, B. These NPs are of great concern because of potential toxicity towards human health and the environment. 43. Introduction. The CeF3 NPs were rod-shaped nanorods with a length of about 150 ± 5 nm and a diameter of about 20 ± 2. Cerium (Ce) is the rare earth element with the highest content in light rare earth ore. Save 5% on any 4 qualifying items. The anodizing coating provides a harder and thicker coating as well as better corrosion protection on zinc surfaces as compared to the chromate conversion coatings, but issues such as cost, complexity, and aerosolization of Cr6+ are problematic. The phase transition CeO 2 ↔ Ce 2. 1. Prepared cerium oxide was applied as a destructive sorbent for the fast and safe degradation of organophosphorus flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPP). The. In particular, the presence of metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium can affect human health. This study attempted to recover the cerium oxide abrasive from the abrasive–glass polishing waste through removing the polished glass by alkaline. Adsorption and reaction on cerium oxide surfaces are clearly related to the key concepts highlighted in the Introduction: (1) the coordination environment of the surface atoms; (2) the redox properties of the oxide; and (3) the oxidation state of the surface [6]. Its ability to mimic and replace calcium is presumed to be a major mechanism of its beneficial action. The best method is using Cerium Oxide with a drill that is converted to use a felt polishing wheel; you mix the cerium oxide with water, then apply to the polishing. Suitable for use with pitch and polyurethane polishing plates and a wide variety of polishing cloths, these powders offer the highest quality performance and uniform surface finish on a glass and electro-optic materials. Suitable for use with any rotary polisher or ele. The 4f orbitals of rare earth metals are adequately shielded by 5p and 4d electrons, leading to interesting catalytic properties []. This paper highlights the perspectives for the synthesis of CeO 2 nps with controlled structural and morphological characteristics and enhanced antibacterial properties, using a versatile and low-cost chemical solution method. Mark the. The biological properties of nanoceria are a consequence of the dual oxidation state of these particles, allowing inter-conversion of. DISCLAIMERAlways make sure you operate in a safe. Cerium oxide (CeO 2) is a rare earth oxide material used in many technological applications 1. This item is currently unavailable. Our company is a high-tech manufacturer in making Cerium Oxide polishing materials for processing optical lenses, crystal glass, spectacle glass, etc. This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Moreover, at the. First-aid measures Eye Contact Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) exhibit antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo. Cerium oxide is used in incandescent gas mantles, as a glass polishing agent and as a catalyst in self-cleaning ovens. Cerium oxide may refer to: Cerium (III) oxide, Ce 2 O 3, also known as dicerium trioxide. Ceria is the main component in glass polishing powders due to its special physico-chemical properties. Change your buffing pad. In a departure from these typical heterogeneous motifs, we explore the interactions of nano-CeO 2−x. : Synonyms : 2151504 Cerium(IV) Oxide, Ceria, Cerium Dioxide Linear formula: CeO 2 Molecular weight: 172. It’s widely used in the glass, metal and semiconductor industries. 1 4. 116. K. , 2017 ). Biosynthesis of CeO 2 NPs using plants, microbes and other sources is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. S. The Lao government had high hopes for the rare earth industry. 1300 736 393. , oxygen vacancies in the lattice structure allow for alternating between CeO2. Other cerium compounds are used to make some types of glass as well as to remove color from glass. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) could be synthesized through different methods, including physical, chemical and biological methods. In this book, Levi reviewed and discussed 21 chemical elements,. First-aid measures Eye Contact Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Make a paste with cerium oxide and a little bit of water. Due these advantageous properties, cerium oxide has been. Made from synthetic mineral oxide additives, SAKRETE Cement Color is durable as. ChemSpider ID 66592. Cerium Oxide Powder to remove light scratches and stains from glass Cerium Oxide can be used to remove superficial. £1. S. Inhalation. Interestingly in the nano-form cerium oxide retains their fluorite structure creating an oxygen vacancy due to partial reduction of Ce 3+ to Ce 4+ with both oxidation states co-existing on CNPs. This video shows how to use our Glass Scratch Removal Kit from the DIY range. aeruginosa. Squeeze out excess moisture so water does not drip from the cloth. Cleaning Stage : Glass. Cerium oxide NPs (CeNPs) have been formulated as riveting nanomaterials with excellent biomedical applications. 11–14 The high demand for cerium oxide nanoparticles from the CMP application especially in. 2. Ceria is considered the most notable and extraordinary oxide for mechanical applications. CERIUM OXIDE (99. 5 microns - 50 Grams - White. 116. Suitable for : All Paint Types. Oxide Analysis Formula; CeO2: 100. CeO 2 is a n-type semiconductor metal oxide, it has a few properties like TiO 2, for example, chemical inactivity, cheap, photo stability and non-toxicity 13,14,15,16,17. e. Both oxidation states (3+ and 4+) co-exist. Abstract The positron emission tomography detection device uses scintillator crystals to provide high image quality. Cerium (atomic symbol: Ce, atomic number: 58) is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element with an atomic weight of 140. There is thus a need for advanced techniques of water decontamination. The intermittent and volatile nature of renewable energy sources threatens the stable operation of power grids, necessitating dynamically operated energy storage. High intense peak at 28. These include a wide range of catalytic applications 2, oxygen sensors 3, oxygen permeation membranes. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that cerium oxide has a. Prices of SMM mainstream rare earth permanent magnets. Nanoscale ceria has some interesting. Cerium oxide is also used to polish glass surfaces. Cerium oxides have been investigated for more than a century for applications in catalysis, optical devices, UV absorbers, and electrochemical cells, but the properties and specific mechanisms were not fully characterized [9], [62], [67], [76], [104], [105]. Some studies have been conducted to explore their antibacterial activities; however, systematic. 4 nm and further, studies related to optical property was performed by utilizing UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, which revealed that the prepared cerium oxide nanoparticle recorded the absorbance peak at 349 nm, and band-gap of. Cerium oxide has at least two stoichiometrically stable forms—dioxide (CeO 2) and dicerium trioxide (Ce 2 O 3), commonly known as sesquioxide [1, 2]. Tailorable surface physicochemical properties of various CeO2 catalysts with controllable sizes, morphologies, and surface states enable. Don't get fooled by the famous brand. Synthesis. Intervening prices may have been charged. Change your buffing pad. The atom % of. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, the laser ablation method was used. FREE delivery Fri, Nov 17 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Engineering Controls: Whenever possible the use of local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls is the preferred method of controlling exposure to airborne dust and fume to meet established occupational exposure limits. In recent years, the design, synthesis and characterization of cerium oxide (CeO 2) nanoparticles have drawn the attention of researchers due to their peculiar properties in the field of material science and technology. These NPs are of great concern because of potential toxicity towards human health and the environment. 999% purity; Sigma Aldrich) was added to 50 mL of deionized water and allowed to dissolve completely. Fixings & Fasteners. They found that among the three metals,. 1300 736 393. In this work, the morphology and size of cerium oxide nanoparticles were experimentally and theoretically investigated. Addnl. 5 microns - 50 Grams - White. To be. 3a shows a flake-like structure and cerium nucleation resulted in the agglomeration . aeruginosa. The regeneratable changes between Ce3+ and Journal of Materials Chemistry B. I used a 5 inch glass. Apply cerium oxide compound to your buffing pad and repeat step one. 116. Use a Selvyt cloth (P6522) and rub over the scratch in a circular motion, wash of with water and repeat. 1,137. Finally, some key applications of ceria. 4 Cerium (Iv) Reagents. Moh’s scale of 3. The kit is sui. Mark the inside of the glass with the crayon/tape to identify the area to be worked. Mater. Description. Zam/Chrome Oxide-Opal, turquoise, chrysocolla, and other softer gemstones will all receive a great polish from these compounds. Four isotopes occur in nature: stable cerium-140 (88. 1. Some of the prominent industries and applications are: Catalysis: Thanks to its excellent oxygen storage and release capabilities, cerium oxide is widely used as a catalyst, particularly in three-way catalytic converters in. The analysis of the size and morphological. It is used in the inside walls of self-cleaning ovens to prevent the build-up of cooking residues. Introduction. 73 Cerium(III) oxalate has been widely used to treat vomiting. 1. This yields cerium oxide nanoparticles with (CeO 2−x) vacancies which provide sites for reduction-oxidation reactions. Gao, F. Cerium oxide bulks with gadolinium dopants of around 10–20% (GDCX, X = 10–20%) were reported to achieve promising ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures ranging from 500 to 750°C [8–10], and thus they are a leading candidate for an SOFC electrolyte. Make sure not to use too much water; you want a thick paste consistency. This may be a synopsis of the full weight-of-evidence narrative. Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. Cerium oxide nanocrystals have the ability to absorb and release oxygen ions—a chemical reaction known as reduction oxidation, or redox, for short. The oxidation of the Ce appears to be facilitated by the presence of cracking and porosity in the oxide layer. Contact may burn skin, eyes or mucous membranes. cerium oxide Is (I think)jewlers rouge, loads about on ebay. Products Building Blocks Explorer Genes Papers Technical Documents Site Content Chromatograms. 1 – 5 In general, cerium can exist in two oxidation states: Ce 3+ and Ce 4+. For stones like quartz and obsidian, maintain a steady speed and pressure. A literary perspective on cerium. It is a nontoxic and thermally stable photocatalyst. Cerium alters redox signaling, ion homeostasis, and plant nutrient dynamics. I've just spent about 30 minutes polishing some scratches out of my windows, and it does work, although progress is slow. Inorganic ion exchangers, mainly hydrous oxides, are the most widely used materials for the separation of medicinal radionuclides. Its comparison with. THE capacity of adsorption in oxides of ceria depends upon variables such as morphology, size, shape, and surface area (Yu et al. Cerium Oxide powder. Cerium (atomic symbol: Ce, atomic number: 58) is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element with an atomic weight of 140. 5390-5401. Berikut cara menggunakan cerium oxide pada kaca mobil yang benar. Abrasive–glass polishing waste is generated from the polishing process of glass components by using cerium oxide abrasive, which contains the cerium oxide abrasive and the polished glass. THE capacity of adsorption in oxides of ceria depends upon variables such as morphology, size, shape, and surface area (Yu et al. The pharmacological properties of cerium were discovered more than a century ago and have been used to treat many types of diseases. 4. Cerium oxide. Look for glass polisher that contains cerium oxide. : 21120 CAS-No 12014-56-1 Synonyms No information available Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. Lap terlebih dahulu bagian kaca mobil yang berdebu. For example, high-purity cerium oxide CeO 2 is used to manufacture phosphors and optical materials; the concentration of the main substance in it should be at least 99. The photocatalytic activity of ceria NPs is majorly decided by the calcination temperature. These NPs are of great concern because of potential toxicity towards human health and the environment. Introduction. The CeO2. the biosynthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles in detail. Cerium Oxide 500gm. Such enhanced glass materials we are pursuing worldwide could reduce. It is the "polish of choice" for many people who do rock tumbling and all types of lapidary work. 88. The nanoparticles (NPs) with their excellent properties such as miniature size and shape, and high surface to volume ratio. Next are the polishing materials, which come in different types based on their grit size (smaller numbers mean more coarse). a Amsterdam, Netherlands : b Elsevier, c 2020. First-aid measures Eye Contact Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Wipe off the excess paste when you're done. It’s also used to coat engine parts and other components, as well as acting as a catalyst. 00 Oxide Weight: 172. The nanoparticles are often largely composed of Ce(III) (up to 60% in some cases) as well as Ce(IV); the more Ce(IV) in the nanoparticles, the stronger the catalase mimetic. item no 30347 gardm1nt, Jun 25, 2006 #4 rcplumber New. Cotton is an important cash crop; however, its yield and product quality are negatively affected by soil salinity. , 2020). 7± 0. XRD pattern shows three main reflections (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), and (4 4 0) as characteristic of cerium oxide cubic phase with fluorite structure. Cerium oxide (Ce 2 O 3 and CeO 2) is a component of the walls of self cleaning ovens and of incandescent lantern mantles. In oxide form, cerium has a fluorite structure. 0 microns ±1. The therapeutic application of these nanoparticles has mainly been due to their oxidative stress ameliorating abilities. Abstract. Get a clean microfiber cloth damp by placing it under lukewarm water. The signals from the interaction between the composite layers and •OH radicals are characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Contains 3 stitched buffing wheels (50, 75 and 100mm). Cerium (III, IV) oxide, Ce 3 O 4 (dark blue) Cerium (IV) oxide, CeO 2, also known as ceric oxide. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have unique catalytic and oxygen storage capacity properties. Cerium Oxide 500gm. Citric acid adsorption onto the nanoceria particle surface can cease particle formation and create a stable dispersion for an extended shelf life. Synthesis of CeO 2 powder. 77. The overall need for the preparation of new medicinal radionuclides has led to the fast development of new sorption materials, extraction agents, and separation methods. Identification Product Name Cerium(IV) oxide, hydrated Cat No. Ceric sulfate (Ce(So 4) 2) is used in some chemical analysis processes. You can recognize it very easily by the green, pink, blue and orange colours. The paste should be thick enough to hold together well, but not runny. CeO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention in nanotechnology due to their useful applications as catalysts, fuel cells and antioxidants in biological systems. 4. Cerium is the most studied among the rare earth elements, mainly due to its positive results in treating corrosion, abundance, easy extraction, and low cost of its salts. The coexistence of trivalent cerium and tetravalent cerium on the surface of nanoceria allows the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When finished, wipe away excess with a clean, damp cloth. Cerium oxide (CeO(2)) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively used in a variety of instruments and consumer goods. Feature : Easy to use. Used to make other chemicals. Metal polish is good for gently sanding large, delicate surfaces such as windshields. These ores can also contain. Cerium is low in price compared to other REE, which occur in lower concentrations in mixed REE. The number of electrons in each of cerium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 and its electron configuration is [Xe]4f 2 6s 2. 4. Applying a cerium oxide abrasive to polish glass components generates a polishing waste containing the cerium oxide abrasive and the glass powder produced during polishing. We have a selection of options from SIMONIZ, Chemical Guys and more top brands. No featured offers available £9. Molecular Weight: 172. Yi. The utilisation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2-NPs) in diesel fuel, combustion catalyst, medicine, coatings, electronics has increased tremendously globally (Bera et al. Find the best car scratch removers for your vehicle. Cerium (IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. Semiconductors. The propensity of cerium to oxidise in air results in the formation of a CeO 2 layer on the surface of the alloy. A novel cerium oxide phosphate glass ionomer cement was doped with pthalocyanine to evaluate the structural properties and hardness and it was found that with increase in pthalocyanine, there was an increase in hardness. Its oxidation state greatly influences the strain deformation properties of cerium. 100 nm usually have a degree of crystallinity over 95% and the ratio of Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ at around 40%, which are ascribed to the intrinsic characteristics of atomic hybridization to form a cubic fluorite lattice structure. 43 g cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce (NO 3) 3 ·6H 2 O) and 1. The bobbins are made of felt, and as far as I can tell the powder is cerium oxide. 6. Remarkably, cerium oxide nanoparticles with lower toxicity act as effective antibacterial agents owing to their unique functional mechanism against pathogens through the reversible conversion of oxidation state between. To synthesize the ceramic powders of the CeO 2 system, using the modified Pechini method, hydrated cerium nitrate (Alfa Aesar, 99. Some studies have been conducted to explore their antibacterial activities; however. Cerium oxide supplies the oxygen for the reduction of the hydrocarbon as well as the soot and gets converted to cerous oxide (C e 2 O 3) as follows . Although cerium is a rare earth element, it is relatively abundant in the earth's crust. Doped cerium oxide has also been used to increase the efficiency of the adsorption of pure cerium oxide.